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This
method makes the oil thicker, and thus a better varnish. Turpentine
oil itself ( ), which
is produced when the sap of pine trees (turpentine gum) is steam distilled,
can be used as an effective varnish. This
type of steam distiller, below, could be used in our world, with all
of our already developed technology. But on Arda we would have to use
simpler methods as will be described later.
Steam Distiller (click
for larger image) Figure 3.
While
all these things we could easily find on Arda, in nature, we could also
use chemical elements to create good varnishes. The three most effective
all contain aluminum that we could get from the colonists working on
metallurgy. The first, aluminum phosphate, is made by performing a double
displacement reaction with aluminum sulfate and sodium phosphate. The
equation is:

This
compound is dissolved in alcohol to create the varnish. Aluminum oleate
and Aluminum stearate both are used in varnishes to make the substance
dry faster, stay thicker (for quicker application), and be more waterproof.
Their formulas are:
Stearate:
Oleate: 
These
substances, when produced, would be a good alternative in case natural
resources ever ran low or began to
be less effective.
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All
the elements needed would be present in Arda itself and so could be
isolated from other substances in reactions, synthesized, and then put
through the reactions above. For practical reasons, however, we would
need to originally produce varnish and sealant out of purely naturally
occurring materials. Technology would not be advanced enough to create
the chemical substances needed for the project. Thus our varnish would
use linseed oil and rosin. Linseed is a slender plant around three feet
tall with narrow leaves and blue flowers. The seeds are housed in "small
spherical capsules" on the stems (Natural Health, 138).
Flax
Seeds Figure 4.
These
seeds would be collected, crushed in a metal bowl (fashioned out of
metal provided by the metallurgy group) with a rock (or other heavy
implement) and then strain through a perforated metal sheet. This would
isolate the oil.
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